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A deacon is a member of the diaconate , an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. It is generally assumed that the office of deacon originated in the selection of seven men by the apostles, among them Stephen , to assist with the charitable work of the early church as recorded in Acts 6.

Nothing more specific is said about her duties or authority, although it is assumed she carried Paul’s Letter to the Romans. Female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. This is the earliest Latin text that appears to refer to female deacons as a distinct category of Christian minister. A biblical description of the qualities required of a deacon can be found in 1 Timothy — Among the more prominent deacons in history are Stephen , the first Christian martyr the “protomartyr” ; Philip , whose baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch is recounted in Acts —40 ; St.

Prominent historical figures who played major roles as deacons and went on to higher office include Athanasius of Alexandria , Thomas Becket , and Reginald Pole. On June 8, , a serving Roman deacon was raised to Pope, Silverius. The diaconate has been retained as a separate vocation in Eastern Christianity , while in Western Christianity it was largely used in cathedrals and as a temporary step along the path toward priestly ordination.

In the 20th century, the diaconate was restored as a vocational order in many Western churches, most notably in the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion , and the United Methodist Church. In the Catholic , Scandinavian Lutheran , Anglican , Eastern Orthodox , and Oriental Orthodox churches, the diaconate is one of the major orders —the others being bishop , presbyter priest , and, historically, subdeacon.

They have a distinctive role in the liturgy of the Eastern and Western Churches. Beginning around the fifth century, there was a gradual decline in the diaconate as a permanent state of life in the Latin Church. Only men destined for priesthood were permitted to be ordained deacons. As seminaries developed, following the Council of Trent , to contemporary times, the only men ordained as deacons were seminarians who were completing the last year or so of graduate theological training, so-called “transitional deacons.

Following the recommendations of the Second Vatican Council Lumen gentium 29 and the instigation of the Josephites whose work with African Americans necessitated increased vocational opportunity for married men , in Pope Paul VI issued the motu proprio Sacrum Diaconatus Ordinem , reviving the practice of ordaining to the diaconate men who were not candidates for priestly ordination.

These men are known as permanent deacons , in contrast to those continuing their formation, who were then called transitional deacons.

There is no sacramental or canonical difference between the two, however, as there is only one order of deacons. The period of formation to the permanent diaconate varies from diocese to diocese as determined by the local ordinary, but it usually entails a period of prayerful preparation and several years of study.

Diaconal candidates receive instruction in philosophy , theology , study of the Bible , homiletics , sacramental studies, evangelization , ecclesiology , counseling, and pastoral care and ministry before ordination. They may be assigned to work in a parish by the diocesan bishop, where they are under the supervision of the parish pastors, or in diocesan ministries. During the Mass , the deacon’s responsibilities include assisting the priest, proclaiming the Gospel, announcing the General Intercessions , and distributing Communion.

They may also preach the homily. Deacons, like priests and bishops, are ordinary ministers of the sacrament of Baptism and may witness at the sacrament of Holy Matrimony outside of Mass. Deacons may lead funeral rites outside Mass such as the final commendation at the gravesite or the reception of the body at a service in the funeral home, and may assist the priest at the Requiem Mass.

They can also preside over various services such as Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament , and they may give certain blessings. While in ancient history their tasks and competencies varied, today deacons cannot hear confession and give absolution, anoint the sick, or celebrate Mass.

The vestments most particularly associated with the Western Rite Catholic deacon are the alb , stole and dalmatic. Deacons, like priests and bishops, must wear their albs and stoles; deacons place the stole over their left shoulder and it hangs across to their right side, while priests and bishops wear it around their necks.

The dalmatic, a vestment especially associated with the deacon, is worn during the celebration of the Mass and other liturgical functions; its use is more liberally applied than the corresponding vestment of the priest, the chasuble. At certain major celebrations, such as ordinations, the diocesan bishop wears a dalmatic under his chasuble, to signify that he enjoys the fullness of the three degrees of Holy Orders—deacon, priest, and bishop.

The diaconate is conferred on seminarians continuing to the priesthood no sooner than 23 years of age canon of the Code of Canon Law. As a permanent state, the diaconate can be conferred on single men 25 or older, and on married men 35 or older, but an older age can be required by the episcopal conference. Under some very rare circumstances, however, deacons who have been widowed can receive permission to remarry.

This is most commonly done when the deacon is left as a single father. In some cases, a widowed deacon will seek priestly ordination, especially if his children are grown. A deacon is not styled “Father” as a priest would be, but as “Deacon”, [16] abbreviated variously as “Dn. Deacon is used as the honorific for permanent deacons in many dioceses e. The decision as to whether deacons wear the Roman collar as street attire is left to the discretion of each bishop for his own diocese.

Where clerical garb is approved by the bishop, the deacon can choose to wear or not wear the “collar”. Deacons, like seminarians, religious, and the two other orders, bishops and priests, pray the Liturgy of the Hours ; however, deacons are usually only required to pray Morning and Evening Prayer.

In addition to proclaiming the Gospel and assisting in the distribution of Holy Communion , the deacon censes the icons and people, calls the people to prayer, leads the litanies , and has a role in the dialogue of the Anaphora.

In keeping with Eastern tradition, he is not permitted to perform any Sacred Mysteries sacraments on his own, except for Baptism in extremis in danger of death , conditions under which anyone, including the laity, may baptize.

When assisting at a normal baptism, it is often the deacon who goes down into the water with the one being baptized Acts In contrast to the Roman Catholic Church , deacons in the Eastern Churches may not preside at the celebration of marriages, as in Eastern theology the sacrament is conferred by the nuptial blessing of a priest. Diaconal vestments are the sticharion dalmatic , the orarion deacon’s stole , and the epimanikia cuffs. The last are worn under his sticharion, not over it as does a priest or bishop.

The deacon usually wears a simple orarion which is only draped over the left shoulder but, if elevated to the rank of archdeacon, he wears the “doubled-orarion”, meaning it is passed over the left shoulder, under the right arm, and then crossed over the left shoulder see photograph, right. In modern Greek practice, a deacon wears this doubled orarion from the time of his ordination.

Also, in the Greek practice, he wears the clerical kamilavka cylindrical head covering with a rim at the top. In Slavic practice, a hierodeacon monastic deacon wears the simple black kamilavka of a monk without the rim , but he removes the monastic veil see klobuk when he is vested; a married deacon would not wear a kamilavka unless it is given to him by the bishop as an ecclesiastical award ; the honorary kamilavka is purple in colour, and may be awarded to either married or monastic clergy.

As far as street clothing is concerned, immediately following his ordination the deacon receives a blessing to wear the Exorasson Arabic : Jib’be , Slavonic : Riassa , an outer cassock with wide sleeves, in addition to the Anterion Slavonic: Podraznik , the inner cassock worn by all orders of clergy. In the Slavic practice, married clergy may wear any of a number of colours, but most often grey, while monastic clergy always wear black. In certain jurisdictions in North America and Western Europe, a Roman collar is often worn, although this is not a traditional or widespread practice.

An archdeacon is similar, but is among the monastic clergy. Protodeacons and archdeacons use a double-length orarion even if it is not the local tradition for all deacons to use it. In the Slavic tradition a deacon may be awarded the doubled-orarion even if he is not a protodeacon or archdeacon. According to the practice of the Greek Orthodox Church of America, in keeping with the tradition of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the most common way to address a deacon is “Father”. The tradition of kissing the hands of ordained clergy extends to the diaconate as well.

This practice is rooted in the Holy Eucharist and is in acknowledgement and respect of the eucharistic role members of the clergy play in preparing, handling and disbursing the sacrament during the Divine Liturgy, and in building and serving the church as the Body of Christ. Anciently, the Eastern churches ordained women as deaconesses. This practice fell into desuetude in the second millennium, but has been revived in some Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches.

Saint Nectarios of Aegina ordained a number of nuns as deaconesses in convents. Deaconesses would assist in anointing and baptising women, and in ministering to the spiritual needs of the women of the community. As churches discontinued ordaining women as deacons, these duties largely fell to the nuns and to the priests’ wives. In the Lutheran Churches of the Scandinavian tradition, there is a threefold ministry of “bishops, priests, and deacons”.

In Anglican churches, including the Free Church of England , deacons are permitted to marry freely before or after ordination, as are Anglican priests. Most deacons are “transitional”, that is, preparing for the priesthood and they are usually ordained priests about a year after their diaconal ordination.

However, there are some deacons who do not go on to receive priestly ordination, recognising a vocation to remain in the diaconate. A permanent deacon is also known as a “Distinctive Deacon”, or a “vocational deacon”. Many provinces of the Anglican Communion ordain both women and men as deacons. Many of those provinces that ordain women to the priesthood previously allowed them to be ordained only to the diaconate.

The effect of this was the creation of a large and overwhelmingly female diaconate for a time, as most men proceeded to be ordained priests after a short time as a deacon. Anglican deacons may baptize and in some dioceses are granted licences to solemnize matrimony , usually under the instruction of their parish priest and bishop.

Deacons are not able to preside at the Eucharist but can lead worship with the distribution of already-consecrated communion elements where this is permitted , nor can they pronounce God’s absolution of sin or pronounce the Trinitarian blessing.

An Anglican deacon wears an identical choir dress to an Anglican priest: cassock , surplice , tippet and academic hood. However, liturgically, deacons usually wear a stole over their left shoulder and fastened on the right side of their waist. This is worn both over the surplice and the alb.

A deacon might also wear a dalmatic. In Methodism, deacons began as a transitional order before ordination as elders presbyters. In , the United Methodist Church ended the transitional deacon and established a new Order of Deacons to be equal in status with the Order of Elders. Both men and women may be ordained as deacons.

Deacons serve in a variety of specialized ministries including, but not limited to, Christian education, music, communications and ministries of justice and advocacy. Unlike United Methodist elders, deacons must find their own place of service. Nevertheless, the bishop does officially approve and appoint deacons to their selected ministry.

The Methodist Church of Great Britain also has a permanent diaconate—based on an understanding of the New Testament that deacons have an equal, but distinct ministry from presbyters. Deacons are called to a ministry of service and witness, and “to hold before them the needs and concerns of the world”.

It was formed in as a successor to the Wesley Deaconess Order and is open to both women and men. Diaconal ministry is one of two ordained ministries within the Methodist Church. Deacons and Presbyters, Equal but Different. The Methodist Conference re-opened the order to both men and women and the first ordinations to the renewed order occurred during the Conference in Cardiff, which coincided with celebrations of years of diaconal service in British Methodism; deaconesses had previously been ordained at their annual convocation.

The Methodist Church of Southern Africa ordains deacons who constitute a diaconal order, similar to that in the British church. There are two distinct offices of deacon in the Church of Scotland. The best-known form of diaconate are trained and paid pastoral workers. The permanent diaconate was formerly exclusively female, and it was in , the centenary year of the diaconate, that men were admitted to the office of deacon. The offices of deacon and minister are now both open to both women and men; deacons are now ordained they were previously “commissioned”.

The other office of deacon can be found in congregations formerly belonging to the pre Free Church of Scotland , with a “Deacons’ Court” having responsibility for financial and administrative oversight of congregations. Only a few congregations still retain this constitutional model, with most having since adopted the Church of Scotland’s “Model Constitution” with a Kirk Session and Congregational Board or “Unitary Congregation” with just a Kirk Session.

 
 

 

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